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U.S. energy independence relates to the goal of reducing the United States imports of "foreign oil" and other foreign sources of energy. Energy independence is espoused by those who want to leave America unaffected by global energy supply disruptions, and to restrict reliance upon politically unstable states for its energy security. Energy independence is highly concerned with oil, the source of the country's principal transport fuels. In total energy, the U.S. was over 70% self-sufficient in 2008. In May 2011, the country became a net exporter of refined petroleum products. As of 2014, the United States was the world's third-largest producer of crude oil, after Saudi Arabia and Russia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=CIA )〕 and second largest exporter of refined products, after Russia.〔https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2247rank.html〕 As of March 2015, 85% of crude oil imports came from (in decreasing volume): Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Energy Information Administration )〕 19% of imported oil comes from the Middle East.〔 The fraction of crude oil consumed in the U.S. that was imported went from 35% immediately before the 1973 oil crisis, peaked at 60% in 2005, and then returned to 35% by 2013〔http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/congratulations-america-youre-almost-energy-independent-now-what-98985.html?ml=m_b1_2#.VWqZdR0VVzg〕 thanks to increased domestic production〔http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a〕 from the shale oil boom.〔Actual net imports also peaked in 2005, regardless of changes in demand: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRNTUS2&f=A〕 Exports of crude oil have been illegal without a permit since the 1970s; in 2013, the United States physically exported a relatively small amount of oil, and only to Canada.〔http://www.cfr.org/oil/case-allowing-us-crude-oil-exports/p31005〕 Greater energy self-sufficiency, it was claimed, would prevent major supply disruptions like the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis from recurring. Proponents argue that the potential for political unrest in major oil suppliers, such as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Nigeria), is abundant, and often causes great fluctuations in crude oil prices (especially in the short-term). Large individual pipelines and other fuel infrastructure and extraction projects are controversial issues in American politics. == Historical trend == In the early 20th century the United States became a major oil supplier to the world. World War II prompted a Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program but it did not go beyond research. In mid-century the country shifted from being a major exporter to a net importer. An import quota imposed in 1959 limited imports to a fraction of domestic production until 1973.〔(foundation of OPEC )〕 America's dependence on foreign oil rose from 26 percent to 47 percent between 1985 to 1989. After the 1973 oil crisis, the United States Department of Energy and Synthetic Fuels Corporation were created to address the problem of fuel import dependency. According to the Washington & Jefferson College Energy Index, by 2012, American energy independence had decreased by 22% since the tenure of President Harry Truman. America's imports of foreign oil fell to 36 percent in 2013, down from a high of 60 percent in 2006. Many proponents of energy independence look to the United States' untapped domestic oil reserves, either known or potential. Those who favor increasing domestic oil production often suggest removing many of the limitations on oil exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (see Arctic Refuge drilling controversy) and the Outer Continental Shelf. Foreign dependence is not the only factor in North American energy politics, however; environmental concerns around land and water pollution as well as greenhouse gases related to are also a matter of controversy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States energy independence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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